Tourism destinations are increasingly exposed to a wide range of risks such as natural disasters, health crises, terrorism, climate change, infrastructure failures, and socio-political instability. These risks threaten visitor safety, destination reputation, and long-term economic sustainability. As a result, structured and adaptive Risk Management Frameworks (RMFs) have become essential tools for tourism authorities, businesses, and local communities.

This study evaluates leading RMFs applied globally, synthesizing insights from 80+ international case studies, policy documents, and stakeholder interviews. The paper identifies core pillars of tourism risk management: risk identification, assessment, mitigation, communication, emergency response, and recovery planning. Findings highlight the importance of multi-stakeholder coordination, digital early-warning systems, business continuity planning, and resilience-focused destination governance. The paper concludes that RMFs must transition from reactive crisis handling to proactive, data-driven resilience building.