Ecotourism has emerged as a powerful strategy to promote biodiversity conservation while supporting local livelihoods. This comparative study analyzes the effectiveness of ecotourism initiatives in three biodiversity hotspots: Western Ghats (India), Maasai Mara (Kenya), and Peneda-Gerês National Park (Portugal). Using mixed-methods research involving 2,150 ecotourists, 500 local residents, and 120 forest officials across these regions, this study assesses ecological outcomes, community engagement, financial benefits, and conservation challenges.

Findings indicate that ecotourism contributes positively to biodiversity conservation through habitat restoration, anti-poaching interventions, and wildlife monitoring programs. Local communities benefit financially through homestays, handicrafts, park employment, and service-based tourism economies. However, unmanaged tourism growth causes habitat disturbance, waste generation, and wildlife stress. Sustainable practices, strict visitor regulation, benefit-sharing models, and community-led conservation are essential for long-term ecological success.